三十多年来,重金属被认为是潜在的有毒环境污染物。事实是,当今大多数环境挑战围绕着水,污泥,土壤,空气和工业卫生样品中痕量元素污染物的确定。原子吸收(AA)光谱法是一种成熟的技术,用于元素分析。图1是基本原子吸收系统的简化示意图。
图1。基本原子吸收光谱仪的简化示意图
In order to analyze a sample for a specific element, a light source is required, which emits light at a specific wavelength that the atoms will absorb. When a ground state atom absorbs energy in the form of light of a specific wavelength, it is promoted to a higher energy level. The amount of energy absorbed at this wavelength is proportional to the number of atoms of a particular element.
无电极放电灯(EDL)和空心阴极灯(HCL)是两个常见的光源atomic absorption。发生原子吸收所需的基态原子是由样品细胞或雾化器产生的。这涉及用石墨炉或火焰施加热能以打破将原子固定在一起的键。
要使用的光的特定波长是通过单色器分离的,检测器准确地测量了光。某些金属环境测试的EPA规格要求使用石墨炉AA设备(GFAA)。GFAA的高灵敏度,对PPB级别中的大多数元素进行例行确定,使其非常适合环境应用。
仪器的进步允许使用GFAA检测复杂矩阵中的微量元素,例如生物学和地质样品。痕量元素分析要求使用溶剂和高纯度剂来确保测量的准确性和精度。这项工作是概念证明,说明了ultrapure water purification system用于AA应用程序。
方法
该方法如下:
- 这concentrations of the following elements in ultrapure water freshly delivered from aDirect-Q®3紫外净水系统如图2所示,通过GFAA测量
- 这些元素包括砷(AS),镉(CD),铬(CR),铅(Pb)和硒(SE)。
- Perkinelmer®如图3所示,AAnalyst™800仪器用于分析。
- This instrument is equipped with a transversely heated graphite furnace (THGA), longitudinal Zeeman-effect background correction, and solid-state detector. Each injection was prepared with 20 pl of water sample + 5 pl matrix modifier.
- A matrix modifier was added to the sample to prevent volatilization of the analyte.
表格1provides the lamps and matrix modifiers used for each element analyzed.
表格1。光源和矩阵修饰符
分析元素 |
使用的光源 |
Matrix modifier used |
|
Type* |
发出的光波长,nm |
|
作为 |
EDL |
193.7 |
0.1 % Pd + 0.06 % Mg(NO3)2 |
|
|
|
|
光盘 |
EDL |
228.8 |
1.0%NH4H2po4+ 0.06%mg(否3)2 |
cr |
HCL |
357.9 |
0.3 % Mg(NO3)2 |
pb |
HCL |
283.3 |
1.0%NH4H2po4+ 0.06%mg(否3)2 |
se |
EDL |
196.0 |
0.1 % Pd + 0.06 % Mg(NO3)2 |
* EDL =无电排放灯;HCl =空心阴极灯
图2。Direct-Q®3紫外净水系统
图3。Perkinelmer Aanalyst 800仪器
结果与讨论
Arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead and selenium are elements that are introduced naturally into our environment are found practically in all living organisms. They participate in a wide range of biological functions that includes being components of enzymatic systems.
However, in recent years, human activities have released a very high amount of these elements into the environment, resulting in levels that could be toxic to humans. Table 2 summarizes the maximum饮用水中的污染水平(MCL)在这五个要素中,它们对摄入受污染的水的潜在健康影响以及污染的来源。(来源:EPA网站)
Table 2。根据EPA。5
Element |
MCL (pg/l) |
Potential health effects |
饮用水污染的来源 |
作为 |
10 |
- 皮肤损伤或循环系统问题
- Possible increased risk of cancer
|
- 天然沉积物的侵蚀
- 果园的径流
- 玻璃径流
- 电子生产浪费
|
光盘 |
5 |
|
- 镀锌管的腐蚀
- 天然沉积物的侵蚀
- 从金属炼油厂排放
- Runoff from waste batteries and paints
|
cr |
100 |
|
|
pb |
15 * |
- 婴儿和儿童的身体或智力发展延迟
- 肾脏问题和成人高血压
|
|
se |
50 |
- Hair or fingernail loss
- Numbness in fingers and toes
- 循环问题
|
|
*这是铅的动作级别。如果超过10%的自来水样品测试了铅的水平,则公共供水系统必须采取其他治疗步骤,以将铅含量降低到可接受的水平。
制备了正在调查的元素的标准解决方案,并注入了Perkinelmer®使用与样品相同的实验参数的催化仪器。对构建标准校准曲线的浓度进行了信号绘图。图4是PB的校准曲线。
图4。使用Perkinelmer获得的PB的标准校准曲线®Aanalyst 800仪器。
使用标准校准图计算样品中元素的浓度。表3显示了超纯水中的AS,CD,CR,PB和SE的计算浓度,以及该方法的检测极限。在这些实验条件下,在超纯水中未检测到这些元素。这些结果表明来自Direct-Q®3紫外线系统适用于AA分析,因为将避免从水中存在痕量元素存在的不准确性或缺乏精度的风险。
Table 3。直接Q中的AS,CD,CR,PB和SE的浓度®3个紫外线系统水
Element |
检测极限(PPB) |
Concentration in Direct-Q®3个紫外线系统水((ppb) |
作为 |
0.10 |
Not detected |
光盘 |
0.010 |
Not detected |
cr |
0.10 |
Not detected |
pb |
0.10 |
Not detected |
se |
0.015 |
Not detected |
这Direct-Q®3紫外线系统在该实验中使用的是逆渗透,紫外光氧化,活性炭和离子交换树脂,以直接从自来水中产生超纯水。纯化步骤如图5所示。
图5。这purification steps in a Direct-Q®3紫外线系统。
结论
GFAA is a highly sensitive method suitable for the routine measurement of trace elements. Since the detection limits for most elements are well below ppb levels, it becomes necessary that reagents and solvents be free of the element under investigation because this would lead to inaccurate results. Ultrapure water freshly delivered from a water purification system such as aDirect-Q®3紫外线系统是用于GFAA分析的合适水源。
通过测量GFAA中超纯水中的CD,CR,PB和SE的元素来实现概念证明。在该方法提供的实验条件下,未检测到这些元素。
关于EMD Millipore-实验室水业务部门
Water is the most commonly used solvent in laboratories and constitutes often more than 99% of the mass of solutions used in experimentations. The quality of water used in the lab is therefore critical for the success of the tests performed.
此信息已从EMD Millipore -Lab Water Business部门提供的材料中采购,审查和改编。欧洲杯足球竞彩
For more information on this source, please visitEMD Millipore-实验室水业务部门。