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Power generation is based on the 1831 discovery by Michael Faraday, which showed that moving a magnet within a coil of wire can generate an electric current.
发电机基于磁性,运动和电力之间的联系。发电机通常使用电磁体,该电磁体是由电力和快速旋转涡轮机产生的,以产生大量电流。
标准发电机包含一组圆柱体形状的绝缘线圈。气缸内是旋转电磁体。当磁铁旋转时,它会在线圈的每个部分中诱导微小的电流。然后,电线线圈的每个部分变成一个小的单个电导体,单个部分的微小电流合并以创建一个大电流。然后,通过电力线将产生的电力发送给消费者。
有两种主要类别的电气发电机,那些使用不可再生能源的发电机以及使用可再生能源的能源。
不可再生的发电
Non-renewable energy sources include fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas, as well as nuclear fuels such as refined uranium.
In power plants that use non-renewable sources, the incineration of fuel or the energy released by nuclear fuel generates heat. This energy is used to boil water, creating superheated steam that is maintained at high pressure. A steam turbine then channels this pressurized steam to push a series of blades attached to a shaft, causing the shaft to rotate inside a generator. An electromagnet within the generator creates an electrical current.
基于不可再生燃料来源的电站是可靠的能源来源,因为它们可以提供按需电源。
Because they take so long to start producing power from start-up, nuclear and coal-based power stations generally supply 'baseload' electricity, meaning they are continually operating. Oil and gas-based power stations tend to supply electricity at peak demand times.
这种类型的发电的主要缺点是燃料来源的有限可用性,以及将二氧化碳释放到大气中,这与气候变化有关。煤炭和天然气的焚化还释放出二氧化硫,这可能引起呼吸问题和被称为酸雨的有毒现象。
Furthermore, the waste produced by nuclear plants is highly toxic and must be safely sequestered somewhere.
Renewable Power Generation
不断被自然所取代,有几种不同类型的可再生能源,包括风,波和水力发电。太阳辐射也可以用于发电;但是,这种发电不涉及涡轮机或机械发电机。
Wind turbines have massive windmill-type blades on top of a large tower. When the wind blows, it strikes the blades and when it blows strong enough, the blades spin, turning a shaft that drives the generator. Wind turbines are often grouped in windy locations to create wind farms.
波涡轮机使用波能转换器(WEC)捕获波的运动或动能。一些WEC垂直于水面垂直放置,而另一些WEC则沿着水面横向定位。无论采用哪种方法,WEC都设计用于驾驶涡轮机,产生电力。
水电站使用掉落水的动能来产生电能。一些水电站使用从河谷中的大坝掉下来的水,而另一些水电站捕获了大瀑布产生的自然能量。当水掉落时,其重力势能将转化为动能。水力发电设施通过管道引导这种涌入的水,导致水驱动涡轮机。水力发电非常可靠,目前会产生大量的电力。
水力发电和其他形式的可再生能源被认为“干净”,因为它们不会产生任何排放。尽管他们的能源供应来自大自然,但使其本质上是免费的,可再生的发电机的安装相对昂贵。可再生能源(例如风能和太阳能)也很大程度上取决于天气:只有在有足够的风电池和太阳能电池在多云的天气下产生的电力明显降低时,风力涡轮机才会转动。
参考和进一步阅读
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