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Despite the misuse of carbon black (CB) and black carbon (BC) as synonyms, these materials differ considerably in their production processes and use in commercial products. Several different analytical tools have recently demonstrated the physical and chemical differences between CB and BC.
What is Carbon Black?
Carbon black (CB) is commercially produced under tightly controlled thermal conditions that can either occur in an inert atmosphere, otherwise known as partial combustion, or in oxygen-depleted environments through a process known as vapor-phase pyrolysis. Through these processes, aggregates of carbon nanoparticles are produced to form the final CB product, a fine black powder that is almost purely elemental carbon (EC).
与所有其他纳米碳相比，CB以最大的工业规模生产。它已经在商业上生产了100多年，估计全球生产率超过980万吨。
With an average price of $1 per kilogram (kg), CB is also considered to be far cheaper as compared to other types of nanocarbons, particularly carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets, which are currently sold at around $600/kg and $10,000/kg, respectively.
CB的应用
在美国，西欧和日本境内生产的所有CB中，约有90％专门用于广泛的橡胶应用。汽车橡胶产品，例如轮胎，管，胎面，皮带，软管和其他其他物品，以及非自动工业产品，例如工业模制和挤出产品，是CB的最常见用途。
When CB is produced for these products, the partial combustion process injects a combination of both an atomized spray of aromatic oils and an air-deficient fuel source, such as natural gas or oil.
The remaining 10% of commercial CB can be used for various products ranging from links and paints to plastics and coatings.
CB vs. BC
Both CB and black carbon (BC) are the end products of the incomplete combustion of carbon sources such as fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass. Despite this apparent similarity in their production processes, the precise methods by which CB and BC are produced are fundamentally different on several levels. For example, CB is produced in an industrial setting for a wide range of commercial applications, whereas BC is an undesired byproduct.
此外，CB的产生很少会导致CB颗粒释放到产品中，因为这些颗粒通常紧密地结合在轮胎和其他橡胶产品中的矩阵中欧洲杯猜球平台。相比之下，BC颗粒通常通过环境污染和柴欧洲杯猜球平台油排气释放到环境中。CB和BC的主要暴露途径差异很大，因为CB主要与职业接触相关，而个人通常通过环境暴露于BC。
除了不同的生产方式外，CB的结构是石墨且几乎纯粹由EC组成的，它与BC的结构高度不同，BC通常被描述为具有类似于腺泡或葡萄的高度CB聚集体的形态学融合的球形颗粒。欧洲杯猜球平台
CB内有机化合物的浓度也特别低，平均水平低于2％。相反，卑诗省的有机碳化合物浓度更高，通常约占总质量的30％。一些燃烧烟灰产品包括有机碳级分数，其总质量的50％，并且灰分含量高于CB。
Methods to Differentiate CB from BC
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been reported as a useful technique for differentiating CB from BC, as CB has S 2p core-line spectra, whereas BC, in the form of diesel soot, is not associated with these spectra. Despite its utility, the presence of elemental sulfur on the surface of either CB or BC will cause the S 2p spectra to be present, limiting its application for this purpose.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering spectroscopy (DLS), electrophoretic light scattering spectroscopy (ELS), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have also successfully been used to differentiate the physicochemical properties that exist between CB and BC.
通常是球欧洲杯猜球平台形的CB颗粒通常在15至300纳米（NM）的尺寸范围内形成。通过TEM和DLS分析，CB和BC可以在某些情况下以总体外观共享相似之处。
Ultimately, studies have found that it is not ideal to differentiate BC from CB samples in terms of their primary particle diameter, aggregated size, hydrodynamic diameter, particle size, zeta potential, sedimentation rate, or surface area, as significant differences between CB and BC in terms of these properties have yet to be confirmed.
Despite this finding, BC and CB samples' thermal treatment caused distinct differences in terms of how these samples responded. Whereas 96% of the CB mass remained after being heated to 1000 °C, the mass of BC samples reduced by 58%.
成功允许研究人员将CB与BC区分开的另一种方法涉及比较碳（C），氢（H）和碳氢化合物（H/C）的原子比。
Moreover, the H/C ratio of BC samples is ten times greater when compared to those present in CB samples. Therefore, this finding suggests that a simple 100H/C-log(C/10)-1/H ternary plot can be used to distinguish CB from BC samples quickly.
参考和进一步阅读
Khodabakhshi, S., Fulvio, P. F., & Andreoli, E. (2020). Carbon black reborn: Structure and chemistry for renewable energy harnessing.Carbon 162; 604-649.doi：10.1016/j.carbon.2020.02.058。
Hong，J.，Moon，H.，Kim，J.，J.，et al.(2021). Differentiation of carbon black from black carbon using a ternary plot based on elemental analysis.Chemosphere 264（第1部分）。doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128511.
Long, C. M., Nascarella, M. A., & Valberg, P. A. (2013). Carbon black vs. black carbon and other airborne materials containing elemental carbon: Physical and chemical distinctions.Environmental Pollution 181; 271-286.doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.009.
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