The Italian company艾德罗自1982年以来一直在生产液压系统的情况下，最近开始研究增材制造业如何改善液压系统。现在，被3D打印制造商收购后桌面金属, Aidro’s 3D printed hydraulic technology is capable of surpassing conventional hydraulic system inefficiency and lead time.
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艾德罗, after 35 years of manufacturing hydraulic system components using conventional methods, began to implement additive manufacturing methods such as 3D printing and Selective Laser Melting in 2017.
Since this development Aidro have expanded their manufacturing range significantly, producing components for aerospace, maritime, and even fashion: 3D printing watches, rings, and other jewelry.
2021年9月，美国3D打印机制造公司桌面金属收购了Aidro。此次收购将使桌面金属将其添加剂制造方法扩展到油气以及航空航天。
但是，液压系统的各种用途都意味着桌面金属也能够推销海上，工业重型起重机械等。
除了桌面金属所获得的好处外，此次收购极大地使Aidro受益，自2017年以来，他几乎开始专注于增材制造方法。
现在，Aidro现在是一家台式金属公司，能够利用尖端的3D打印技术来开发进一步的组件并进一步发展其公司的影响力。
Advantages and Disadvantages of Additive Manufacturing for Hydraulic Systems
Hydraulic Systems are a widely used method of power transmission, because of their ability to produce large forces efficiently with a high degree of precision.
Using additive manufacturing to create hydraulics may have its drawbacks.
某些液压组件需要包含大量内部压力。某些添加剂制造方法的性质意味着高内部压力可能会导致AM组件破裂或经历层分层（部件的层分开）。
Furthermore, many cycles of pressurization and depressurization may cause fatigue due to high hoop stresses.
Until recent developments, most components built using additive manufacturing were relatively brittle compared to their more traditional counterparts. Fatigue over many cycles will lead to the growth and propagation of cracks, which is a serious issue for the integrity of brittle components.
Advancements in AM have reduced these issues significantly, however.
尽管任何3D打印的组件都可以在薄片之间遭受分离，但有几种解决方案可以防止层分层，并且使用具有高强度的材料可以更容易容忍箍应力，从而降低了开裂和疲劳失败的风险。欧洲杯足球竞彩
Like conventional hydraulics, the 3D printed hydraulic components created by Aidro are stainless steel, and able to withstand an internal pressure up to 350 times the average atmospheric pressure.
With the setbacks addressed, Aidro can make use of the many advantages AM has over conventional manufacturing.
通常，在使用钻头创建其内部空腔之前，将液压组件通过将钢加工成正确的形状来创建。
与减法制造相比，增材制造业最理想的特征之一是它更快，更简单地创建复杂的几何形状的能力。
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This is especially true if the component has a complex internal geometry. It is much more difficult to intricately ‘sculpt’ the interior of a component by removing material than it is to start with nothing and slowly build up an interior layer by layer.
不仅可以更快，更简单地创建复杂的几何形状，而且使用此方法可以更轻松地对阀门内部通道进行自定义和优化。
消除减法制造的要求还消除了由于钻井过程而导致阀内泄漏的风险。
3D打印的快速制造还意味着Aidro和桌面金属可以在更大的规模上产生更高的，可自定义的组件。
减少交货时间不仅使客户受益，而且使艾德罗有更多时间进行研发，并吸引了快速原型制作的新行业。
液压系统的应用
液压系统有效地承受和移动大载荷，相对于其他驱动方法提供了更多的力。
For this reason, Hydraulics are used largely in industries that involve bearing heavy loads such as bulldozers, floor jacks, and hydraulic shock absorbers.
液压系统的另一个好处是它们几乎在任何条件下有效运行的能力。
此外，与空气不同，液压系统中使用的液体是不可压缩的。空气的可压缩性会导致控制损失（气动系统本质上只能在0％或100％）。
The liquid in hydraulic systems (oil, typically) can produce a more continuous and precise control system.
Hydraulics in Aerospace—Advantages and Disadvantages
由于这些好处，液压技术被广泛用于航空航天行业。在任何条件下，它们的效率都是至关重要的，因为飞机的高度会导致温度和压力发生重大变化。
它们的精度使它们对于飞行控制系统有用，并且产生大量力的能力使它们可以在高负载轴承的情况下使用。
飞机的起落架和制动器始终由液压系统提供动力，与其他方法相比，能够更有效地吸收冲击。板条，襟翼，电梯和舵的任何运动都是使用液压进行的。
但是，对液压系统的依赖确实有一些挫折。
Though it is possible for hydraulic system failure to be immediately noticeable, a small leak of fluid may not be detectable until the system has failed completely.
那时，飞行员控制飞机的唯一方法是改变发动机的推力，即使那样，他们也无法降低飞机的起落架。
AIDRO执行的液压的3D打印方法能够在某种程度上应对这些不良反应，因为不再钻孔的液压系统内部阀门减少了流体泄漏的风险，因此总体系统故障的变化大大变化。
AIDRO的进一步航空发展
除了液压解决方案外，Aidro还开始将其添加剂制造扩展到其他组件，跨越了广泛的行业。
In aerospace, for example, the company made use of AM to create the ServoFly T4/1, in collaboration with various other companies such as Tecno Elettra Impianti.
The Servofly T4/1, created using Selective Laser Melting (SLM) over 3D printing, is an easily integrated device that allows disabled pilots to fly using only one hand.
该设备由安装在飞机的油门棒上的执行器（典型的超轻飞机油门控制），该执行器连接到安装在中心棒上的控制系统，从而使飞行员可以用一只手改变势头并用一只手控制飞机。
参考和进一步阅读
艾德罗。（2021）。Aidro：液压和3D打印质量组件。[在线]可用：
https://aidro.it/
AMFG。（2020）。应用程序聚光灯：3D打印如何启用表现较好的液压组件。[在线]可用：
https://amfg.ai/2020/04/16/application-spotlight-how-3d-printing-enables-better-performing-hydraulic-components/
航空堆栈交换。（2016）。为什么飞机使用液压药代替气动药？[在线]可用：https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/21426/why-do-aircraft-use-hydraulics-instead-pneumatics
businesswire.com。（2021）。桌面金属Acquires Aidro, Adding Critical Capabilities in Design and High-volume Production of Fluid Power Systems Through Additive Manufacturing。[在线]可用：https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/2021090909005488/en/desktop-metal-acquires-aidro-aidro-adding-critical-capapilitions-capapiility-capabibilities-in-design-nigh-design-and-and-high-high-volume-volume-produnce-of-fluid-power-power-power-power-power-power-power-power-power-power-power-power-power-power-power-power-power-power-power-power-power-powe系统直达制造
Hanaphy，P。（2021）。用AIDRO获取的台式金属以“破坏石油，天然气和航空航天” -3D印刷行业。[online] 3D Printing Industry. Available at:
https://3dprintingIndustry.com/news/desktop-metal-to-disrupp-oil-oil-gas-gas-and-aerospace-with-aidro-acquicition-195977/
RG组。（2019）。Hydraulic Cylinders:How They're Made & Used[在线]可用：
https://www.rg-group.com/resources/blog/how-are-hydraulic-cylinders-made-and-what-are-they-used-for
牛油。（2021）。陶制T4/1。[在线]可用：
https://www.servofly.it/en
Skybrary.aero. (n.d).液压问题：飞行人员指导。[在线]可用：https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Hydraulic_Problems:_Guidance_for_Flight_Crews
twi-global.com。（n.d）。3D打印的优点和缺点是什么？[在线]可用：https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/what-is-3d-printing/pros-and-cons
Yuken液压专家。（2019）。使用液压系统的优点。[在线]可用：https://www.yukeneurope.com/advantages-of-using-a-hydraulic-system/
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