In this interview AZoM talks to Dr. Vern Wedeven about the Revolutionary Tribology course which is being conducted by the MIT Professional Education.
Can you explain why friction and wearing are so important to address in mechanical and electromechanical systems?
所有机械系统都有与其动作相关的运动和应力。机器人技术，驱动系统和推进系统将跨接触物体（包括轴承和齿轮）传递力。这些亲密接口处的摩擦会产生热量，需要额外的运动动力。这就是我们所说的摩擦损失。摩擦和磨损对于解决方案很重要，因为它们可以帮助使机械和机电系统更加高效，有效和耐用 - 从而节省了资源，金钱和时间。
What impact do friction and wearing have on industry?
Friction reduces useful work, and wear diminishes precision positioning and useful life. The net effect is the consumption of precious resources and disruption of economic productivity and safety. The economic impact is vast. By one estimate, proper tribological procedures save 1.3% to 1.6% of a nation’s gross, resulting in hundreds of billions of dollars of savings.
Indeed, friction and wear pose incredible challenges to 21st Century mechanical and electromechanical systems, particularly in the fields of nanotechnology, aerospace, and biotechnology, and the financialbenefits of tribologyadvances should not be overlooked.
在过去的二十年中，您的方法发生了什么变化？
尽管摩擦学显而易见，但迄今为止，大多数工程师都没有有效的方法将其纳入其设计过程中。如此多的工程师缺乏在设计中包括摩擦学的合适方法的原因部分是由于其复杂性。
In some applications, bearings and gears have contact points that must carry enormous loads at low and high speeds, and the stresses are unbelievably high. Motions are also extreme, and contact areas are small — the size of a pinhead, in some cases. Heat is also generated, which brings chemistry into the equation, in addition to hydrodynamics.
所有这些都发生在微尺度上，该微尺度控制宏观尺度上的性能。考虑新的，有时甚至不熟悉的摩擦学界面材料和制造要求，事情变得更加复杂。欧洲杯足球竞彩
Over the past 20 years, tribology experts have worked to better understand pieces of the fundamental tribology puzzle. Our revolution has been a decades-long journey to assemble those fundamental pieces into a comprehensive framework. We have developed engineering parameters that now enable tribology to be put into the design realm so that they can design for life and durability under extraordinary circumstances.
What is tribology?
Tribology is the science of friction, lubrication, and wear associated with contacting surfaces in relative motion. We experience tribology in action every day. For example, when we lace up our running shoes and hit the road or trail. The soles of our shoes are in relative motion to the street or trail. The friction between our shoe soles and the running surface provides traction that allows us to move forward. This same friction wears down our shoe soles, eventually needing to be replaced.
鞋底和跑步表面之间的润滑可减少磨损并干扰我们的前进运动。例如，您可能会在潮湿的人行道上滑落。在这些情况下，我们将鞋子的鞋底磨损用于摩擦的优势。在机械系统中，摩擦会导致磨损和热量产生，这两者都限制了系统组件的效率和有用寿命。
Image Credit: Shutterstock // Andrey V
What is Tribology-by-Design (T/D), and how has it helped engineers?
T/D结合了理论，一组测试和分析工具以及方法。它的开发是为了使强大的摩擦学机制进入工程设计，以使工程师设计和开发组件接触界面，这些接触界面可以承载负载并在极端条件下传输电源。
In the future, T/D will be taught to engineers around the globe as part of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Professional Education course,“摩擦学：摩擦，磨损和润滑。”我将成为一项课程的讲师，探讨T/D如何连接和称赞Axiomatic Design（AXD），这是该课程的首席讲师Nam Pyo Suh博士，MIT的交叉教授Nam Pyo Suh博士开发的新设计的设计方法。
AxD uses matrix methods to systematically analyze the transformation of customer needs into functional requirements, design parameters, and process variables. It is used to design the best possible solution for planned features and functions.
T/D methodology is complimentary. It differs in that it targets the operating conditions or duty cycle of a critical component within its operating system with specially designed test and analysis tools. T/D predicts and solves tribology problems to save time on testing and redesign.
The theory characterizes critical tribology interfaces in terms of motion, stress, and temperature and how these parameters activate the tribology interface materials and mechanisms during operation (MST-Tm). The T/D process extracts and delivers the targeted MST-Tm to a virtual TRL 4 (Technology Readiness Level 4), where innovative tribology R&D can be conducted using T/D test and analysis tools.
The three T/D tools represent component analysis, single contact models (SCM), and single contact simulation testing. These tools provide, respectively, a component digital twin, a digital interface twin, and an interface simulation twin.
为什么将摩擦学纳入设计很重要？
The development of major (and minor) mechanical systems, some of which I have been involved with in the aerospace community, have experienced significant setbacks due to a lack of tribology design guidelines during the development process.
When engineers solve tribology problems in mechanical systems, the result is typically increased system efficiency. It also improves the useful life of the component or system by reducing wear and heat, all of which improve service life and save money. Moreover, if we can solve tribology problems faster, we can promote faster innovations and greatly reduce the costs and risks of mistakes and unforeseen events.
工程可能会出现哪些摩擦学问题？他们可以变危险甚至致命吗？有什么著名的例子吗？这些事件如何塑造您进入该区域的方法？
有些项目的发展不如希望。由于出现了复杂的摩擦学挑战，因此存在延误，错误和失误。
以阿波罗17任务为例。NASA官员同意，由于其引起的机械问题，Lunar Dust是月球名义操作的最大障碍之一。在先前的任务中，月球砂砾堵塞了散热器，甚至在宇航员的膝盖上戴了一个洞。
NASA现在正在计划明年的实验，即Regolith依从性特征任务。它的目标是确定在月球降落和其他操作期间粉尘如何以及为什么要粘在材料上。欧洲杯足球竞彩这些发现将有助于确定如何设计排斥灰尘的设备，并制作不会在与月球砂纸般的砂砾接触磨损下破裂的空间2020欧洲杯下注官网套件。
这是一个很好的例子，说明了摩擦学世界中可能出现的问题，以及如何花费很长时间才能解决这些问题。
摩擦学故障也可能是危险的，甚至是致命的，如风车变速箱在2011年在苏格兰起火时，或者由于飞行控制系统中的千斤顶螺丝螺丝过度磨损而在2000年阿拉斯加航空公司航班261航班坠毁时。
New designs for high-powered systems are at risk with insufficient design knowledge for interface speed, stress, and temperature limits. Although no disasters happened, the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) turbopump bearings had to be replaced after every launch, due to excessive wear, during the first 15 years of its 30-year operation. The astronauts were keenly aware of the problem. It took more than a decade to solve this risky and expensive problem, which involved harmonizing tribology materials with complex design and manufacturing.
安全以及成功将新的轴承/齿轮材料和润滑剂推向航空航天应用所需的高成本/时间是T/D的一个很好的激励因素。欧洲杯足球竞彩
What are the benefits of being able to solve tribology problems faster?
创新的时间，成本和范围。
Tribology is enormous, and it is everywhere. Increasing demands for more performance and energy savings continue to drive innovation in mechanical systems. Introducing new materials, designs, and test methods will play an important role in future progress.
但是，迫切需要相关的摩擦学设计参数来支持新的轴承和齿轮材料，润滑剂以及运输，能源和工业组件的设计。欧洲杯足球竞彩使用T/D理论，测试和分析工具和方法来发现和应用新技术，将为摩擦学挑战，更快的创新，降低成本和减轻风险的迅速反应打开大门。
Engineers can benefit greatly from implementing T/D. It will let them keep pace by providing a systematic way to cover all the bases.
How does Tribology-by-Design lead to the best possible systems?
T/D在技术准备水平（TRL）系统, which is now commonplace for major mechanical system design and development, particularly in aerospace.
测试和分析工具可以以伪数字为基础进行设计，该设计涵盖了许多选项，并且“不留下属性”。在设计的TRL系统中，T/D针对应用程序（TRL 8），并识别目标应用程序及其占空比的运动，应力和温度（MST）。
我们已经为MST开发了基于物理的工程参数，该参数允许在虚拟级别探索和设计目标应用程序的接口（TRL 4）。独特的关键工具是：（1）使用专利的Wedeven Associates机器（WAM）进行测试，以及（2）开发单个触点模型（SCM）。SCM成为设计，开发，制造和应用程序监控的核心。
How does Tribology-by-Design differ from other approaches to these problems?
Design and life theories for bearings and gears are based on stress and contact-fatigue stress-cycle criteria and a “material life factor.” In contrast, the T/D theory is based on motion-driven mechanisms for lubrication and performance, which is more consistent with physical reality.
根据定义，“摩擦学”是与相对运动中接触机构相关的科学技术。欧洲杯线上买球这全都与运动有关。考虑小提琴。静止在弦上的弓只能增加弓的运动，您会得到一种摩擦机制或运动驱动的机制来使和谐。我们需要运动以激活界面材料和T/D，以设计界面成分以实现功能和谐。欧洲杯足球竞彩
Image Credit: Shutterstock// cass1976
What elements of Tribology-by-Design have been successful with engineers?
Understanding the fundamentals and the engineering parameters that control performance. Through T/D, the mechanical designers, metallurgists, and chemists suddenly realize their role and their value to the enterprise. T/D is the glue that holds the team together. To make T/D work requires the engagement of the entire technology supply chain.
提出了哪些改进的工程师，您如何考虑实施这些？
Now that we have launched T/D, we are getting excellent feedback. Those who have worked with us on recent projects have become totally engaged and actively innovative. At the moment, there is enthusiastic “engagement” as well as good “suggestions.” The suggestions are mostly an expression of their technical needs and objectives.
关于L.D.周三博士
Vern Wedeven博士是Wedeven Associates，Inc。的创始人兼总裁。他是MIT专业教育课程的90多名技术出版物和共同教师的作者：“Tribology: Friction, Wear and Lubrication。”
此信息已从MIT专业教育提供的材料中采购，审查和改编。欧洲杯足球竞彩
For more information on this source, please visit麻省理工学院专业教育。
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