澳大利亚锻造行业可以分为四个主要类别：如下： 1.Open die forging 2.封闭的钢铁锻造 3.Non-ferrous forging 4.冷热锻造 打开锻造。This section of the industry may be classified as jobbing with quantities generally small varying from one off to perhaps 100 off. Tooling for producing open die work may consist of flat or shaped anvils and tubs supplemented by a variety of hand tools. Skill is required to produce a constant shape with reasonable dimensional accuracy such that the resultant forging will produce a satisfactory machined product without too much excess to be removed during the machining process. Dimensional AccuracyThe dimensional accuracy of open die work depends on the size of the part being made and it is difficult to lay down precise tolerances. This matter is best negotiated with the forge making the particular part. Open Die Forging EquipmentThe type of equipment used for open die forging in Australia varies from a 50 kilogram ‘C’ frame pneumatic hammer capable of producing forgings of approximately one to two kilograms in weight to a 5000 tonne forging press capable of forging large shafts weighing many tonnes. Scope of the Australian Open Die ForgingIndustryThe majority of open die work consists of maintenance items for heavy machinery including large gear blanks. The industry does have a capability for forging non-ferrous metals, particularly aluminium alloys if required. Apart from forging presses and hammers the open die forging industry has a range of ancillary equipment such as bulldozers and ring rolling machines. The raw material used in the industry may vary from ingots to rolled rounds and billets. Closed Die Steel Forgings.As the name implies, closed die forgings are made in cavity dies which, when closed together, trap the metal being forged causing it to flow and fill the cavity shape. Excess metal is exited from the die in the form of flash which is subsequently removed by hot trimming after forging. Die Life for Closed Die Steel ForgingDepending on the cavity shape, the type of preform being used, the type of metal being forged and a variety of other factors including lubrication, the die life in a closed die situation will vary. This variation may be a low as 1000 parts or as high as 50,000 parts. A figure of 5000-10,000 would be typical for more common types of closed die forgings such as hooks, turnbuckles and certain automotive components. 确保与封闭钢福尔金成功成功g封闭的模具过程的成功取决于正确设计的预成型或阻滞剂形状，要显示给终结器模具。这些预成式的设计需要模具设计师的技能和经验。 Closed Die Forging过程Closed die forgings can be made under a hammer, or press or an upset forging machine. 按锻造In the case of a press, the preliminary forging operations usually include a minimum of three forging sequences in separate dies in the same set-up. These operations commonly include a flatten, block and finish utilising the same heat and progressing left to fight across the bottom tool holder or bolster of the press. Hammer ForgingWith hammer forging the various preform shapes and the finisher cavity are set out in the one die block. Usually with hammer work multiple hits are given in each cavity to produce the desired shapes. Unlike a forging press the hammer can be controlled via a foot pedal to give tight or hard blows. The application of a light blow to bend the metal into a given shape is advantageous and helps to improve die life. Complex Forging OperationsIn many instances with more complicated forgings, additional preforming operations may be carried out prior to hammer or press forging. These include reducer rolling, swaging or bending although loss of forging heat when carrying out this additional work may be a problem and reheating may be necessary. Non-Ferrous ForgingCopper Forgings
The copper base alloys constitute the main volume category of non ferrous forgings, the majority of these components being consumed by the building industry in the form of plumbers brassware and, to a lesser extent, with door lock furniture. Aluminium ForgingsAluminium alloy forgings are not only produced by the conventional non ferrous forgers, with a large percentage being made by the closed die steel section of the industry. There are many applications for Aluminium alloy forgings including compressor blading for jet engines and automotive componentry where in many cases forgings have replaced die castings due to problems associated with porosity in hydraulic applications. Titanium and Nickel Forgings该行业的非黑色部分中包括特殊材料，例如钛合金和高温应用中使用的镍基合金。欧洲杯足球竞彩这些材料需要欧洲杯足球竞彩高的锻造压力，并且在提供更大容量的锻造设备的情况下锻造。2020欧洲杯下注官网 Production of Copper and Aluminium ForgingsMost copper base and aluminium forgings produced by the non ferrous forgers are produced by single die technique utilising one or two blows in a finisher die. Screw presses are most commonly used with the majority of presses being around 200 tonnes. By contrast, one member of the closed die ferrous forgers operates a 1600 tonne screw press which, apart from steel forgings, produces aluminium forgings for the automotive industry. 黄铜的生产大多数黄铜字子是由被困的模具技术做出的，即要锻造的金属被精确切成重量并锻造成模具，该模具在锻造开始之前完全被前进的模具或打孔完全封闭。因此，这个术语被困死了。当打孔器进入底部的模具时，sl子中的接触压力会增加，金属将其移到止损的末端以产生锻造。除了在拆分线上某些次要突起外，几乎没有其他技术不会产生闪光。被锻造的金属的体积至关重要，因为过量的材料会导致压力机停滞或骨折。有了黄铜的字子，通过使用新闻界的RAM激活的辅助核杆来制造芯片零件，例如Tees或肘部。由于锻造温度的非亚铁金属维持对过程至关重要，因此，必须对工具进行充分的预热，并保持在一致的数字上保持温度。理想情况下，这些材料应在一次欧洲杯足球竞彩命中或一击中伪造。在较大的铝原谅的情况下，这是不可能的，必须使用多个模具。在这些情况下，精确加热sl和锻炼至关重要。 Heat Treatment of Brass and Copper Forgings一般来说，对黄铜易于的热处理或铜碱合金可能包括退火以促进结构均匀性。对于水管工的铜管，从锻造温度淬灭的水在减少后续服务中的脱锌方面已成功。 Heat Treatment of Aluminium Forgings大多数铝制遗产的热处理包括溶液处理和沉淀硬化为T6条件。为了产生最佳的机械性能，对热处理温度的精确控制至关重要，大多数铝制木材生产者都具有内部治疗设施。 铝和铜锻欧洲杯足球竞彩造的原材料用于铝和铜料材料的原材料通常是挤压的钢筋库存，由于这些材料通常不适合种植，因此可以通过锯切成长度。欧洲杯足球竞彩 Due to the high cost of extruded forging stock, most forging companies have investigated the use of cast bar as a less costly alternative. In many instances this has been forged quite successfully with the resulting forging possessing properties similar to those produced from extruded bar. Trimming and Coining of Aluminium and Copper Base AlloysIt should be pointed out that the aluminium and copper base alloys are generally trimmed cold as hot trimming after forging will cause flash line tearing. Both of these materials are amenable to cold coining and with aluminium alloys, coining after solution heat treatment and before ageing is practised to take advantage of the excellent formability in this condition. Cold and Warm Steel Forging冷和温暖的锻造技术用于产生大小且几乎不需要加工的字子。通常，这些字子可以通过常规加工方法在经济上产生。 Differences between Cold and Warm Forging and Hot ForgingIn both cold and warm forging, heavier presses are required for forging than for conventional hot forging. Certain parts are made by a combination of warm and cold forging, a typical example would be gear forgings with on size forged gear teeth. 温暖的锻造顾名思义，在650-850°C的范围内进行温暖的锻造。被困的锻造技术与恒定的原材料一起使用，这些原材料可能会在锻造之前将其加工成尺寸或可能不会加工。欧洲杯足球竞彩准确的模具制造和工具对齐至关重要。 Cold ForgingDepending on steel composition, material to be cold forged is usually spheroidise-annealed to obtain the most suitable microstructural condition for cold forging. After annealing, the slugs are shot blasted, pickled, phosphate coated and soaped to promote maximum lubricity and metal flow. Accurate control of cut piece weights to within fine tolerances is essential for the success of the process. Most operations are carried out in trapped dies usually on high speed machines. Forgings are most commonly produced by both forward and backward extrusion techniques. Tooling and Properties of Cold Forged MaterialsDue to the high tooling loads in cold forging, the tooling is manufactured using a series of compression rings to support the working parts of the dies. Forgings produced by cold forging have higher tensile properties resulting from the cold work but subsequent heat treatment of cold forged parts may eliminate this advantage. |