In a review recently published in the journalBiomaterials, the researchers presented a detailed discussion regarding smart biomaterial-based platforms. They also discussed the effect of cells on the controlling parameters of such platforms.
学习：Smart biomaterial platforms: Controlling and being controlled by cells。图片来源：Sergei Anishchenko/Shutterstock.com
Background
Dynamic functionality is becoming a more common biomaterials design criterion across a wide range of research and application areas such as biocompatibility, cytocompatibility, controlled degradability, long-term stability, and drug release kinetics. Despite considerable effort, establishing dynamic functionality while maintaining other design objectives remains a substantial difficulty. Reversible dynamic functionality, as opposed to one-way dynamic functioning, is of great importance, but it has proven particularly difficult to achieve.
Such reversible functionality could help researchers bridge the gap between the dynamic portfolio of in vivo biomechanical and biological processes like cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions and cell traction. Many extracellular matrices (ECMs) undergo in vivo remodeling during development, homeostasis, disease, and wound healing, but synthetic ECM mimics used in basic and applied biomedical science are generally limited to materials with fixed properties that cannot replicate the dynamic in vivo microenvironment.
About the Study
在本研究中，作者回顾了用于控制细胞活性以及静态生物材料结构的动态材料。欧洲杯足球竞彩他们还讨论了实验和计算方法和质量，可以帮助指导可逆动态材料的未来改进。欧洲杯足球竞彩
This review provided an overview of how to combine the reversibility of smart materials with the in-depth dynamic cell activity explored by static polymers to create smart bi-directional ECM-based platforms that could communicate with cells reversibly and repeatedly. It also provided an overview of (i) the requirement of smart ECM mimics, (ii) the need for a better understanding of ECM/cell interactions for the advancement of applied and fundamental biomedical science, and (iii) the growing options for bridging the gap between static ECM materials used to study cell activity and biomimetic, dynamic, and bioinspired smart ECM materials.
在本文中，作者研究了可以反复和可逆地改变其属性的智能材料，使其成为研究和控制细胞行为的更具生物学相欧洲杯足球竞彩关的平台。他们强调了最近的发现，这些发现采用并创建了基于智能材料的技术，这些技术允许具有调节细胞命运的刺激的可逆给药。欧洲杯足球竞彩根据所应用的刺激会导致生化特性变化或机械性能变化，对研究进行了分类。
Observations
As part of their review, the researchers observed that when the NIR-irradiation was turned on, the poly n-isopropylacrylamide (pNIPAM) surface became hydrophobic and cell sticky, but when it was turned off, the surface became hydrophilic at 26oC, resulting in the detachment of >95% of the cells from the hydrophilic substrate.
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On the electrospun pNIPAM with the substrate kept at 31oC, MC3T3-E1 (3T3) and EMT6 (cancerous tumor) cells created confluent sheets. It was also observed in one of the studies that within 5 minutes of cooling, 80% of the cells could be separated from the surface. Cell viability in a soft-to-low stiffness network (with modulus varying from hundreds of Pa to less than 5 kPa) was found to be high for a culture of up to 14 days, according to existing data in the area of encapsulated cells in a 3D culture setup.
Furthermore, it was found that only a few studies were able to incorporate physiologically appropriate time scales that govern biological processes and accompanying cellular behavior into the design of smart materials. In the context of biologically derived materials used as ECM constructs, a better understanding of the signaling pathways that dominate such feedback loops in cell-cell and cell-ECM systems was required for unlocking significant advances.
Some studies suggested that the development of smart materials that can either instill cell feedback or allow for external triggers that can mimic or contradict the feedback was critical for the advancement of this multidisciplinary research field. Additionally, 3D images of fluorescent beads and cell-specific protrusions produced from confocal microscopy were frequently used to provide predictive data to machine learning algorithms.
Conclusions
In conclusion, this review elucidated the advancements in the development of smart materials used to reversibly manipulate cell activity, as well as state-of-the-art methods to study cell activity on static substrates, with a focus on using those methods which can be utilized to investigate the potential remodeling of a smart ECM by cell activity.
The authors emphasized that the development of smart materials has escalated owing to the research efforts aimed at stimulating the in vivo environment of cells and examining the influence of physiologically relevant stimuli on the cell-ECM interaction. They also believe that smart materials with dynamically programmable characteristics can be developed that can either inhibit or encourage cell remodeling.
资源
Narkar, A. R., Tong, Z., Soman, P., et al. Smart biomaterial platforms: Controlling and being controlled by cells. Biomaterials 121450 (2022).https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0142961222000898
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