绿色建筑的气瓶窗

来自美国纽约的一组研究人员探索了窗户设计上令人愉悦的气凝胶的开发,这对减少结构的热量损失具有影响,并有可能在绿色建筑设计中使用。他们的研究已于本周在线发表在《杂志》上可持续性

学习:可持续建筑的美学气囊窗户设计。图片来源:ninimf/shutterstock.com

建造热量损失

Buildings lose around 25% of their heat through windows and other glazing units. Thermal loss, especially through non-double-glazed windows, can increase the energy costs for the average household. Double-glazing reduces some of the thermal loss through glazing units, but there is always room for improvement in technologies.

由于建筑物对建筑物的能源需求的增加而认识到建筑物的热损失对气候变化的影响,政府制定了一些规定,这些规定管理新建筑物的建设和现有结构的改造。例如,在美国,有能源之星评级,欧盟成员国必须遵守能源绩效建设指令。

三件式模具的示意图:(a)顶部;(b)中间作品;(c)底部;(d)组装图。

Schematic diagram of three-piece mold: (a)顶部;((b)中间;((c) bottom piece; and (d) assembly drawing. Image Credit: Carroll, M.K et al., Sustainability

通过玻璃单元减少热损失

近年来,提出并开发了多种技术解决方案,以减少通过窗户和玻璃单元的热损失。其中包括双板和三板窗户,窗格之间具有高尚气体的窗户,真空玻璃,光彩色玻璃,低发射式窗玻璃涂料以及具有用户控制的可变色调的智能窗口。

Aerogels are another proposed technological solution due to their attractive properties such as low thermal, electrical, and acoustic conductivity, and their optical translucence and even transparency. Aerogels are low-density mesoporous structures that are composed of 99.8% air by volume. Incredibly strong and light, they have been the focus of research in several technological fields and industries.

硅胶

二氧化硅气凝胶是由二氧化硅前体材料合成的。合成过程通常是使用烷氧化物(例如四乙基硅酸盐或四甲基硅酸盐)的溶胶 - 凝胶反应。将二氧化硅前体与溶剂混合物混合并添加酸或碱催化剂会导致混合物进行水解形成溶胶。随后的冷凝反应形成湿二氧化硅凝胶。仔细干燥该凝胶会产生一颗空气凝胶,几乎没有收缩。

可以使用冷冻干燥,环境干燥和超临界提取进行干燥过程。根据干燥过程,可以合成颗粒状,整体或粉状气凝胶。

由13×12.5×0.5厘米的二氧化硅气凝胶整体制成的图像:(a)食谱A-1;(b)食谱A-2;(c)食谱B-1;(d)食谱B-2;(e)食谱B-3。

Images of 13 × 12.5 × 0.5 cm silica aerogel monoliths fabricated from: (a)食谱A-1;((b) Recipe A-2; (c) Recipe B-1; (d) Recipe B-2; (e)食谱B-3。图片来源:Carroll,M.K等人,可持续性

Granular Aerogel Glazing Products

当前,有一些可利用颗粒状气囊材料的特性的市售玻璃产品。欧洲杯足球竞彩其中包括由美国马萨诸塞州波士顿的Cabot制造的Lumira®。这些商业玻璃溶液在其窗户间空间中融合了颗粒状气管。

尽管这些产品具有较高的绝缘能力,但它们缺乏透明度,这限制了它们在需要弥漫光(例如天窗)的应用中使用。结合气凝胶的制造透明玻璃产品的挑战促进了该地区研究的增长。

Research has been ongoing for decades, with a 1983 study discussing the use of transparent aerogels for window insulation, and a paper in 1998 categorizing monolithic aerogel’s superior thermal insulation properties but noting that light scattering in these materials is a significant disadvantage for their application in glazing units.

几项研究研究了整体凝胶构成的窗扇的新型制造策略,并采用了更改化学前体配方以提高光学清晰度和使用单片式气凝剂柱等方法,因此只有窗格的一小部分面积被遮盖了。尽管取得了进展,但仍有重大挑战需要克服。该地区的几家初创公司是制造产品。

用(10×10×1.5厘米的二氧化硅气凝胶)制成的图像(a) Fluorescein; (b) Rhodamine 6G; and (c) Rhodamine B.

用(10×10×1.5厘米的二氧化硅气凝胶)制成的图像(a)荧光素;((b)若丹明6G;和 (c)Rhodamine B.图片来源:Carroll,M.K等,可持续性

该研究在线发布可持续性已经研究了几种改善使用整体气凝胶的玻璃系统美学的方法。在研究中讨论了包括修改二氧化硅前体配方以提高光学清晰度的方法,并在研究中讨论了更改单片气囊层厚度的方法。在玻璃系统设计中,较薄的层是优选的,因为它们具有较短的光路长度,导致光散射较少。

该论文还描述了一种方法,该方法使用染料掩盖了整体气凝胶中的某些缺陷,这使它们在视觉上更具吸引力。该过程使用气凝胶表面的激光蚀刻并产生彩色材料。欧洲杯足球竞彩作者探索了快速的超临界提取,可以将颜色引入整体气凝胶中,而不会冒出浸出或被洗净以创建美观的产品的风险。

作者描述了三个原型玻璃单元,它们结合了整体二氧化硅凝胶,并包括针对各个应用的一种或多种改进方法。构建了原型玻璃单元,以使视觉上吸引人的多窗格窗口具有不同的颜色,色调和表面蚀刻设计,并在整体之间掩盖了接缝。

Finally, the authors have recognized that there is a trade-off between thermal insulation and optical performance. They have stated that their ongoing work includes incorporating gas layers into the design to retain both thermal insulation and improve optical performance. They have also noted that evacuation, which has not been explored in the study, could further improve the thermal performance of future designs.

进一步阅读

Carroll,M.K等。(2022)可持续建筑的美学气囊窗户设计[在线的]可持续性14(5)2887 |mdpi.com。可用网址:https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/5/2887

Disclaimer: The views expressed here are those of the author expressed in their private capacity and do not necessarily represent the views of AZoM.com Limited T/A AZoNetwork the owner and operator of this website. This disclaimer forms part of theTerms and conditionsof use of this website.

雷金纳德·戴维(Reginald Davey)

写的

雷金纳德·戴维(Reginald Davey)

Reg Davey is a freelance copywriter and editor based in Nottingham in the United Kingdom. Writing for AZoNetwork represents the coming together of various interests and fields he has been interested and involved in over the years, including Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences, and Environmental Science.

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