在最近发表在《杂志》上的文章中ACS能量信,研究人员讨论了美国太阳能技术办公室（SETO）在通往钙钛矿商业化的道路上的观点。
学习：钙钛矿商业化的途径：美国太阳能技术办公室的视角。Image Credit: Clever Stock/Shutterstock.com
Background
到2050年，太阳能光伏（PV）需要大量电力才能达到美国政府在2050年到2035年的零经济范围排放量和100％无碳发电的碳化目标。从年度的PV部署水平将需要从15吉瓦特交流（GWAC）（GWAC）提高，并于2020年开发和安装到2025年的30 GWAC，到2030年为60 GWAC，到2035年，到2035年以上的GWAC，以满足该国2035年的2035排放目标。
While incumbent technologies will continue to facilitate the majority of new installations required to get the US closer to these deployment targets, fledgling PV technologies may provide support to them as well.
Halide perovskites are a potential lab-scale PV technology. Before perovskite PV can reach commercial capability for power sector markets, however, considerable technical difficulties must be overcome. In the meanwhile, vigilance is required to avoid the fate of earlier thin-film PV technologies, which attracted significant capital investments before overcoming their techno-economic problems and could result in the loss of millions of dollars and investor skepticism about thin-film PV.
About the Study
In this study, the authors discussed SETO’s perspective on the commercialization of halide perovskite PV, which included the commercialization pitfalls, significant technical barriers, and possibilities, and how SETO could support efforts to overcome these challenges and barriers.
还提到了由SETO资助的研究表明，资金决策是如何符合总体目标的。由Seto分类的钙钛矿PV商业化对钙钛矿PV商业化的主要挑战进行了三类审查，即模块效率（可伸缩性），耐用性和稳定性以及制造业，例如收益率，过程控制等。
研究人员证明了耐用性是钙钛矿PV最重要的技术关注的作用。为了使SETO的2030年目标达到0.02/kWh，确定了现场至少20年的钙钛矿PV至少20年的生存前景。为了实现这一生长，钙钛矿生存于各种环境条件的能力。
团队确定了更好地理解和减轻钙钛矿与氧气和/或水分的化学相互作用的方法。除了环境耐用性外，还研究了许多其他降解途径。
Perovskite PV商业化面临的技术挑战的示意图。图片来源：Timothy D. Siegler等，ACS Energy Letters
Observations
For optimum compositions, lab-scale perovskite PV devices with a surface area of smaller than 1 cm2被称为点细胞，已达到超过25％的验证设备效率。显示点细胞在各种钙钛矿组成，柔性底物以及从1.24 eV到1.7 eV的范围内达到20％的效率。当将孔径> 500 cm的孔径组合成示范迷你模块时2尺寸大于25厘米2，仅钙钛矿的单个连接设备的功率转化效率（PCE）为18％，全孔酮串联设备的功率转化效率（PCE）为24％。
SETO's incubator program encouraged startups who were closer to pilot manufacturing and further along in the development cycle of the product to apply for funding. Since 2007, incubators had specialized in de-risking technologies based on their stage of development, whether through development and research initiatives or commercialization and demonstration. Traditional financing opportunity announcements (FOAs) in PV research and development (R&D) could help startups pursue work. SETO also provided highly competitive small innovative initiatives in solar (SIPS) awards for high-risk, one-year research projects.
Conclusions
总之，这项研究阐明了钙钛矿PV具有成为低成本，高效率的模块技术，可用于电力部门，并具有能源回报的持续时间和吞吐率，而吞吐量率优于当前的PV技术。一项新的光伏技术还可以帮助使供应链多样化，从而降低了在当事方气候变化会议上实现所有国家设定的雄心勃勃的PV部署目标的风险。具有低能源投资回报率的钙钛矿模块可能会导致公用事业部门的太阳能光伏部署，并更公平地访问社区太阳能和家用太阳能部门的太阳能发电。
作者提到，钙钛矿PV技术的成功实施远非确定，并强调，现在是perovskite社区进行基本和应用研究的时候，可以更好地使其研究目标与钙钛矿光伏的广泛技术需求和局限性保持一致。为了实现这一目标，SETO为研发资金的积极/稀释/高风险资源提供了替代方案，重点关注相关的商业目标和技术准备就绪，以及满足适合Perovskite PV当前技术准备水平的时间表期望的技术发展。
资源
Timothy D. Siegler et al. The Path to Perovskite Commercialization: A Perspective from the United States Solar Energy Technologies Office. ACS Energy Letters 7 1728-1734 (2022).https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c00698
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